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Wednesday, June 17, 2020

THE PLACE OF THE INTERNET ON THE JOB PERFORMANCE OF OFFICE MANAGERS IN BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS


Published by Just-web Research Institute [11TH September, 2019]

THE PLACE OF THE INTERNET ON THE JOB PERFORMANCE OF OFFICE MANAGERS IN BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS

BY

DEEDENWII, BARITURE NEELE
(ND, D.CL)

Tel: +234-7012543482 or +234-9050517580

ABSTRACT
The project work examines Place of Internet on the Job Performance of Office Managers. The main purpose of the study was to examine the impact of internet on the job performance of office managers in an organization. Three research questions guided the study. Descriptive Survey Design was adopted. The entire population of (80) employees of the selected firms, out of which Sixty (60) was derived as sample size. A five point rating scale questionnaire containing (12) items was used for data collection Pearson Product Correlation was used to establish the reliability of the instrument which yielded and overall coefficient of 0.87. The researcher administered the instrument with the help of two research assistants. Data collected were analyzed using mean and standard deviation to answer the research questions and determined the homogeneity or otherwise of the respondents meaning rating, Z-test was used to test the hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance.  It was found out that Internet offers numerous communication benefits. It changes the way office managers and workers interact with each other, exchange information, address co-workers’ needs, and provide critical information to stakeholders. Based on the findings, it is recommended that organizations should strive to provide the necessary internet facilities needed in the organisation to ease the running of day-to-day business activities for office managers and organizations should reorient the internet capability and communication linkage identified in this study to increase the knowledge and the performance of office managers.

1.0       INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Modern offices today run with multiple technological devices which have revolutionized work process, procedures and work habit. Office job performance is vibrant with the of internet services that enable managers perform their job. Technology such as the internet services has complimented the job of office managers greatly.

The office today revolves around the internet. It has computer communication software such as the electronic mail (e mail) through which messages can be passed from one computer system to another. Information, advertisement and other innovation around the globe can be accessed. The internet is an electronic communications network that connects computer network and organizational computer facilities around the world. This is made up of smaller, commercial, academic, and government network which carries various information and services such as electronic mail, online chatting and interlinked web pages and other world wide web (www) according to Kinderly, (2003) said that the advancement of interment has bought about great changes in offices and office managers job performance, and on the other hand had undergone great transmission.

Today, office manager’s competences on the use of internet services require skill as this is significant in modern offices. The knowledge and ability to use the internet has become very relevant to office professional In performance their job in workplace as this enhances the performance of the professional functions in the organization. Unfortunately not many office managers have access to internet and the few that do, do not know how to use it t the maximum. Organizations should Endeavour to send office manager taken for courses in the area of internet and its uses. Office managers has taking a new shape and emerged with dynamic roles, which now made him or her a much needed person whose duty are quite indispensible in an organization Adeniyi, (2008).

According to Agbo (2002) office secretary who is the same office professional are now called the office managers because of the role they play in an organization. Ernest, D (2000) The office managers today are the ones who add value and make impact in the work place, carryout organizational skills, manage projects and supplies, builds relationship with colleagues and customers, organize in house training and attend public courses. Akwa, O. (1906) Office managers are faced with many challenges such as pattern of training, manipulation o internet services in the labour market.

Statement of the Problem
Internet is part of communication and is not just one tool but many tools in one, internet services to the best of our knowledge enhances office managers job performances, but some office managers and professionals find it difficult to bring out their potentials. The problem faced by office managers and on job performance is the inadequate skill and knowledge and failure of organizational managements to send office managers for courses to have adequate information technology and skill. Another problem is the financial constraint to maintain services of the internet. All these are the problems that influence office managers and professional job performance in the organization. In carting out this research therefore, attempt will be made to find appropriate solution to these problems.



Purpose of the Study
This research work is aimed at assessing of the place of the internet on the job performance of office managers in business organizations. In more specific terms the study seeks to:
(1)        Find out the extent to which the use of e-mail has enhanced communication in the office.
(2)        Find out the extent to which the use of internet has enhanced E-banking.
(3)        Find out what extent company websites have made advertising easy.
(4)        Find out the extent to which website have made employment and training easy.
(5)        Find out the extent to which the internet has made customer care easy.

Significance of the Study
The importance of this research is to know or understand what internet can do and its impact on office managers in a business organization and to identify the office technology to office rapid development that enhances manager’s performance. It is hoped that this study will be of benefit and useful to the following group of people, organization, office managers, office professional, student and future researchers. Organization would benefit from this research work because the provision and effective use of the operating system of the internet by the office managers enhance their job and boost the image of the organization. This research work will help managers seek education on information technology as a dynamic factor for improvement in order to face the challenges in the use of internet services. It is hoped that this study will assist students to know the importance of internet services. This study also will serve as a research material to other scholars who will be in need of it.

Research Questions
The following research questions were formulated to guide this study:
1.      To what extent does the use of e-mail enhanced communication in the office?
2.      To what extent does the use of internet enhanced E-banking?
3.      To what extent has company websites made advertising easy?
4.      To what has website made employment and training easy?
5.      To what has he the internet made customer care easy?

Research Hypothesis
H1:       E-mail in enhanced communication in the office.
H2:       Internet enhanced E-banking
H3:         The company has provided websites that make advertisement easy.
H4:         Websites has makes employment and training easy


Delimitation of the Study
This research work is limited to discussing the effect on the place of the internet on the job performance of office manager. It will be carried and Bori.

Limitations of the Study
Virtually almost every research work is faced with numerous difficulties which are; inaccessibility of sufficient research material, uncooperative attitude of respondent, academic pressure and finance.

2.0       REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The Concept of Internet 
Ernest D. (2000), internet is a global collection of computer networks that are linked together by devices called routers and use a common set of protocols for data transmission known as TCP/IP (transmission control protocols/internet protocols). The primary purpose of the internet is to facilitate of the sharing of information, there are many different tools used on the internet to make this possible. Some of the most common tools include email, list serves, newsgroups, telnet, gopher, and the World Wide Web. Probably the most popular of all internet tools is the World Wide Web.

Awake (1997) states that the internet is a collection of many different types of computers networks that are linked together. According to Chukwu (2002), the internet is referred to as a global network of computers. This global network fulfils many and differing functions with the global network. Ejehoms (2002) sees the internet as a vast type of topics from news and current events to entrapment and reference achieves.
Nwogwagugwu (2000) further describes the internet as an international network of computers. It is a mechanism for transferring of data from one computer aas the net is the world largest computer network. The office manager benefit a lot in the modern technology provided in the office. one can communicate online, send messages through the e-mail and conduct a meeting online.
Importance of the Internet
What made internet special is that it helps man in the following;
1.      To provide Information:  internet in most inexpensive way allows you to let the whole world know who you are, what you are doing, what you have done, what you want you want to do and how, when and where.
2.      To compile information: This is similar to get information, but here, the internet makes it easier for you to conduct survey, and get opinion of people across the global. Example, the number of bands in Nigeria that are connected compared with the number connected in Japan and Mississippi
3.      Commerce or online Trading: marketing and publicizing products and services, buying and selling of goods and services through the internet and telephone, for individual businesses and enterprises, however this has boosted the income of firms e.g. use of credit cards to buy goods placing orders by phone.
4.      Learning and Research: Electronic learning (e-learning) is the mode of acquiring knowledge by means of the internet and computer based training programs. In this type of education, students study on their won at home or office and communicate with the faculty and other students via email.
5.      E-Banking: Money can be transferred of received electronically, e.g. Money gram, western union money.
6.      Advertising: With the help of the internet the office manager can advertise their product to the public through the internet.
7.      Sales and purchases: The internet has made it possible for one to buy and sell goods and services online.
8.      Customer care: Is the Telephone number or address of the organization displayed on the screen while advertising a product which the public can use to acquire more information about the products or services.

Who is an Office Manager
An office manager is an individual who oversees the running of a business. This individual will plan, coordinate and also oversee various business functions which are performed by other employees of the company or corporation. The office manager not only will supervise the work of other employees but they will perform a wide range of tasks themselves in their role as office manager. They are business professionals who are responsible for a diverse set of administrative tasks like, calculating payroll or hiring new employees, office managers must perform their duties with decisiveness and accuracy for a business to perform well.

Duties of an Office Manager
An office manager will perform various specific duties p in their professional role.
1.      Performing accounting: The office manager is responsible in performing accounting duty for the entire business and also money coming into the business, and money going out from the business.
2.      Recruitment of Staffs: This office manager is in charge of recruitment of staff. In order to achieve this, he invites applications from suitably qualified candidates, interviews them and selects the right person for the right.
3.      Training of Staffs: Once an office worker is appointed it is the duty of the office manager to fit him or her into the organizational structure. He provides training for both the new staff and the old ones so as to improve their skill in the latest techniques of doing the job.
4.      Controlling Stationary: The office manager should have proper control over stationary and supplies into the office.
5.      Motivation and promotion: This office manager measures employees work and output and rewards positive output in the form of promotions.
6.      Organizer and Supervisor: The office manager organizer and supervises the clerical and secretarial aspect of office work. He supervises office correspondence, messenger, services, and filling.
7.      Coordinating: The office manager acts as a middle man between the employees and the management.
8.      Business Transaction: The office manager is responsible for any business transaction in the organization.

Office Jobs Performed Via the Internet
The following are the office job performed via the internet
1.         Advertisement: In the office, an office manager will advertise their product to the public through the internet.
2.         E-banking: Money can be transferred or received in the office electronically with the help of internet. E.g. Money Gram, Western union Money.
3.         Online teleconferencing: Teleconferencing is done in the office through the help of internet.
4.         E-mail: Internet has made it easy for the office manager to give and receive information to other organization through E-mail.
5.         Transaction: In the office business transaction is made through the internet.
6.         Jobs Posting: There are internet jobs posted online which the organization is looking for new employees.     
The impact of the Internet on the office Manager’s Job
The internet provides ample scope for cost reduction across all stages of the production process both for the Flagship Company and Nigeria suppliers. Procurement cost can be reduced by means of expanded markets and increase competition through internet enabled online procurement systems. Another cost reducing option is to shift sales and information dissemination to lower-cost channels. The internet can also drastically accelerate speed to market by reducing the time it takes to transmit, receive, and process routine business communications such as purchase orders, invoices, and shipping notifications. The internet has documents and technical drawings can be exchange in real time, legally recognized signatures can be authenticated, browsers can be used to access thr information systems of suppliers and customers, and transactions can be completed much more quickly.


Challenges of using the Internet in the Modern Office
1.         Internet connectivity: Lack of universal standard when it comes to connectivity.
2.         Data volume: Internet are going to collect more data as they became part of our everyday life. This exponentially growing amount of data is creating a massive problem, as data need to be stored.
3.         Legal regulatory and right issues: There are no concrete laws press out which encompasses the layers of internet across the world.
4.         Lack of internet skill: Some employee’s do not have personal knowledge of internet. The organization need to enroll them in the training of internet. 
The Role of the Office Manager in Overcoming the Challenges of the Internet
1.                  As an office manager in an organization he should make sure that there are standard connectivity in the office.
2.                  As an office manager make sure your organization will need to find innovation ways to work with the data but, also massive capital investments to acquire the necessary analytical power to deal with the type of data volume.
3.                  The office manager should make sure that current liability laws will extend their aim for devices which are connected to the internet all the time accountability issues.
4.                  The office manager should make sure that the employee’s should go for training to get more knowledge of internet.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Information Theory and the Communication Process
The theoretical framework of this study is built on Switzerland (1980) consists of information theory and the communication process. A clear distinction is made between data, information and knowledge. The author of this theory defined data as simple observations of the state of the world; it is easily structured and transferred. In the opinion of the author, there similarity between knowledge transfer and commutation theory where the former is seem to consist of both transmission and absorption of information and communication take place, a common understanding of the message is essential. Thereby achieving certain organization goals. The internet can be used by corporate communication (or any other function or business unit) in it goal achievement, providing information in the organization and it products relationship with these stakeholders.
The theory is related to this study because the internet as a medium or channel of communication is of particular interest to the office manager. The manager uses the internet to send and receive information.


3.0       RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design
The research design used for the study is the survey design. To get information for this work the respondents would be asked question based on the survey. 

Sources of Data
The Primary Source: The essence of collecting data through this source was to help the research gain better knowledge insight into the problem of this study. That data from the primary source was obtained through the use of questionnaire survey i.e. a group and sequence of question designed on the number of subjects of interest.

The Secondary Source: The secondary data sources constitute existing information that is related to the study. These sources include: i. Textbooks ii. Business Journals and iii. Weekly Business Newspapers.

Population of the Study
The populations of the study consist of 80 office manager in Agip Oil Company.

Sampling Techniques
The simple random sampling technique was adopted to select a sample that fits the study.

Sample Size
Out of a population of 80, 60 office managers were selected randomly and use for the study.

Method of Data Collection
The research instrument was administered personally by the researcher to 60 the office managers in Agip Oil Company all the instruments were retrieved and used for the analysis.
The table below illustrates the administration and the retrieval of questionnaire: 

Table 1: Administration and Retrieval of Questionnaire
S/N
Names of organization
Total No. Administered
Total No. Retrieved
1.
Agip Oil Company Port Harcourt
30
30
2.
Agip Oil Company Bayelsa
30
30

Total
60
60

            60 x 100 = 100%
            60     60

Method of Data Analysis
            Data will be analyzed using simple sample percentage.
            The formula for simple percentage is
            E.g.      No of response of questionnaire item x 100
                        Total No. Administered questionnaire     1

Validation of Instrument
The questionnaire was developed by the researcher and submitted to the project supervisor who make corrections and approved it for distribution.
                         
4.0       DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
Research Question 1
To what extent which the use of e-mail enhance communication in the office?
Table 2: Mean rating on the extent which the use of e-mail enhances communication in the office.
s/no
Items
SA
(5)
A
(4)
U
(3)
D
(2)
SD
(1)
Mean
SD
1.        
E-mail are fast means of sending out mails in the office.
20
20
10
10
-
3.83
1.07
2.        
Email are a fast means of receiving mails today
20
15
15
10
-
3.75
0.09
3.        
Lack of power supply can hamper the use of e-mail in the office.
15
20
10
15
-
3.58
1.11
4.        
Poor network can hamper the use of e-mail thereby delaying communication.
15
20
15
19
-
3.67
1.03
Source: Field Survey 2019
Table 3 shows that, 20 of the total respondents strongly agreed, 20 agreed, 10 undecided and 510 decided. Making the mean rating of the item 3.83 and the standard deviation 0.07 and it was rated “Accepted”.
The second item on the table shows that, 20 strongly agreed, 15 agreed, 15 undecided, and 10 decided and the mean of the item is 3.75, and standard deviation of 1.09. It was also rated “accepted”. The third item in the table, shows that 15 of the respondents strongly agreed, 20 agreed, 10 undecided and 15 decided, and the mean of the item is 3.58 and standard deviation 1.11. It was remarked accepted by the researcher.
The last two items on the table shows that 15 of the respondents strongly agreed, 20 agreed, 10 undecided, and 15 decided, the mean and standard deviation of the item are 3.67 and 1.03. It was also rated “accepted”.
Research Question 2

To what extent which the use of internet enhance e-banking?
Table 3: Mean rating on the extent which the use of internet enhance e-banking.

s/no
Items
SA
(5)
A
(4)
U
(3)
D
(2)
SD
(1)
Mean
SD
1.         
With use of internet in the office today transfer of money is made easy.
15
15
20
10
-
3.58
1.04
2.         
With use of the internet in the office today, checking your account balance is made easy.
20
15
15
5
5
3.67
1.25
3.         
With the use of the internet in the office today, various business transactions can be carried out.
23
17
10
10
-
3.88
0.10
4.         
Poor network can cause delay on business transaction.
15
25
15
5
-
3.83
0.90
Source: Field Survey 2019
The table above shows that, in the first item 15 of the total respondents strongly agreed, 15 agreed, 20 undecided, and 10 decided. The mean rating of the items is 3.58 and standard deviation of the item 1.04. It was remarked “accepted” by the researcher.
The second item on the table shows that 20 strongly agreed, 15 agreed, 15 undecided, 5 decided, 5 strongly disagreed. The mean rating of the item is 3.67 and standard deviation 1.25. It was remarked accepted by the researcher.
The third item in the table shows that 23 strongly agreed, 17 agreed, 10 undecided, and 10 decided. The mean rating of the item is 3.88 and standard deviation 1.10. It was remarked accepted by the researcher. The last item on the table shows that 15 of the respondents strongly agreed, 25 agreed, 15 undecided and 5 decided. The mean rating of the item is 3.83 and standard deviation 0.90. It was remarked accepted by the researcher.
Research Question 3
To what extent has company websites made advertising easy?
Table 4: Mean rating on the extent which company websites made advertising easy.
s/no
Items
SA
(5)
A
(4)
U
(3)
D
(2)
SD
(1)
Mean
SD
1.        
Organization can market their product via their websites.
20
15
15
10
-
3.75
1.09
2.        
Organisation can advertise different series of product via their websites.
15
20
15
10
-
3.67
1.03
3.        
Organization can sell and buy via their websites.
30
15
15
-
-
4.25
0.83
4.        
Organization can advertise for vacancies via their websites
20
20
10
10
-
3.83
1.07
Source: Field Survey 2019
The table above shows that, in the first item 20 of the total respondents strongly agreed, 15 agreed, 15 undecided, and 5 decided. The mean rating item is 3.75 and standard deviation 1.07. It was remarked accepted by the researcher.
The second item on the table shows that 15 strongly agreed, 20 agreed, 15 undecided, and 10 decided, leading the various mean and standard deviation to 3.67 and standard deviation 1.03 respectively.
The third item on the table shows that 30 strongly agreed, 15 agreed, and 15 undecided, leading to the mean 4.25 and standard deviation 0.83. It was remarked accepted by the researcher.
The last item on the table shows that 20 strongly agreed, 20 agreed, 10 undecided and 10 decided, leading to the mean 3.83 and standard deviation 1.07. It was remarked accepted by the researcher. Meaning that the respondents were homogeneous in their opinion about the item.
Research Question 3
To what extent has website made employment and training easy?
Table 4: Mean rating on the extent which website made employment and training easy.
S/No
Items
SA
(5)
A
(4)
U
(3)
D
(2)
SD
(1)
Mean
SD
1.        
Organization can receive job application and carryout screening and interviews via the internet
20
15
15
10
-
3.75
1.09
2.        
Organization can employ and give appointment letters via their websites
15
20
15
10
-
3.67
1.03
3.        
Connecting with customers is made easy with the use of internet
30
15
15
-
-
4.25
0.83
4.        
Organization gets feedback from their customers through internet.
20
20
10
10
-
3.83
1.07
Source: Field Survey 2019
The table above shows that, in the first item 20 of the total respondents strongly agreed, 15 agreed, 15 undecided, and 5 decided. The mean rating item is 3.75 and standard deviation 1.07. It was remarked accepted by the researcher.
The second item on the table shows that 15 strongly agreed, 20 agreed, 15 undecided, and 10 decided, leading the various mean and standard deviation to 3.67and standard deviation 1.03 respectively.
The third item on the table shows that 30 strongly agreed, 15 agreed, and 15 undecided, leading to the mean 4.25 and standard deviation 0.83. It was remarked accepted by the researcher.
The last item on the table shows that 20 strongly agreed, 20 agreed, 10 undecided and 10 decided, leading to the mean 3.83 and standard deviation 1.07. It was remarked accepted by the researcher. Meaning that the respondents were homogeneous in their opinion about the item.


4.5       HYPOTHESIS
Hypothesis 1:  H01:    E-mail enhances communication in the office.
This null hypothesis was tested using z-test at 0.05 level of significance and it’s presented in table 6.
Table 6: Z-test of the difference between the mean ratings of Male and female managers do not differ in their mean rating on if E-mail enhance communication in the office.
                                                                                                                                                (N=60)  
 Level

N

X

SD

A

Df

Z-Cal

Z-CRIT

Decision
Male
35
3.7
1.094

0.05

58

0.57

2.0

NS
Female
25
2.94
0.65






The above presentation on table shows that calculated Z-value of 0.57 is less than the critical z-value of 2.0 at 0.05 levels of significance and 78 degree of freedom. This means that Male and female managers do not differ in their mean ratings on if E-mail enhance communication in the office. The null hypothesis is therefore rejected.
Hypotheses 2: H02:    There is significant relationship between if internet enhance e-banking.
Table 7: Z-test of the difference between the mean rating of Male and female managers do not differ in their mean rating on the relationship between if internet enhance e-banking.
                                                                                                                                                                     (N=60)
 Level

N

X

SD

A

Df

Z-Cal

Z-CRIT

Decision
Male
30
3.06
1.74

0.05

58

2.4

2.0

NS
Female
30
3.8
1.94






The above table shows that, calculated z-value of 2.4 is more than the critical z-value of 2.00 at 0.05 level of significance and 58 degree. This means that Male and female staffs opinion differ significantly in there mean rating on the relationship between if internet enhance e-banking. Therefore the null hypotheses are not rejected.



Hypotheses 3: H03:    There is significant relationship between if company has provided websites that make advertisement easy.
Table 8: Z-test of the difference between the mean ratings of Male and female managers do not differ in their mean rating on the significant relationship between if company has provided websites that make advertisement easy.
                                                                                                                                                                (N=60)  
Position held

N

X

SD

A

Df

Z-Cal

Z-CRIT

Decision
Male
25
3.03
1.74

0.05

58

2.2

2.0

NS
Female
35
3.7
1.92






The above table shows that, the calculated z-value of 2.2 is more than the critical z-value of 2.0 at 0.05 level of significance and 58 degree of freedom. This means that Male and female managers opinion do not differ significantly in their mean rating on the extent to which if company has provided websites that make advertisement easy. Therefore the null hypotheses are not rejected.
Hypotheses 4: H03:    There is significant relationship between if websites has make employment and training easy.
Table 8: Z-test of the difference between the mean ratings of Male and female managers do not differ in their mean rating on the significant relationship between if websites has make employment and training easy.
                                                                                                                                                                (N=60)  
Position held

N

X

SD

A

Df

Z-Cal

Z-CRIT

Decision
Male
25
3.03
1.74

0.05

58

2.2

2.0

NS
Female
35
3.7
1.92






The above table shows that, the calculated z-value of 2.2 is more than the critical z-value of 2.0 at 0.05 level of significance and 58 degree of freedom. This means that Male and female managers opinion do not differ significantly in their mean rating on the extent to which if websites has make employment and training easy. Therefore the null hypotheses are not rejected.

           


5.0       CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Conclusion
The Internet is one of the most exceptional innovations in the 20th and 21st centuries whose significance in the business world cannot be overemphasized. Most organizations have embraced the benefits of utilizing the Internet in their day-to-day work, making it an essential tool in conducting business. This research revealed that Internet offers numerous communication benefits. It changes the way office managers and workers interact with each other, exchange information, address co-workers’ needs, and provide critical information to stakeholders.

Responses also revealed that Internet makes hiring and recruiting easier and faster for managers. Thanks to the Internet, organizations can spread the word about job at their companies quickly, which means they can hire replacements in record time. Also it was discovered that Internet helps to get consumer data, demand for particular product and services, user behaviours and tools to track and monitor website traffic in real time.

It was also discovered that Internet banking, payment wallets, mobile banking, POS machine and all kind of banking services enable business owners to speed the business transactions. You can pay, transfer and receive money from customers. You can also pay employees digitally by using the internet. Such as using payment gateway on the website enable a user to order product and pay you from their home.

Recommendations
Based on the findings of this study, the following recommendations are per.
1.      Organizations should strive to provide the necessary internet facilities needed in the organization to ease the running of day-to-day business activities for office managers.
2.      Organizations should reorient the internet capability and communication linkage identified in this study to increase the knowledge and the performance of office managers.
3.      Organizations should adequately equip the employees with modern business technological device and tools.
4.      Office managers should be given some training both practically and theoretically for the efficient and effectiveness of their duties and functions in IT.




REFERENCES
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Awake, D. (1997). Research Method in Administrative Science. 3rd Edition. Port Harcourt, Samac Stationary Ltd. 

Akwa, O. (1996). Integrating information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in Nigeria Tertiary Education: The African Symposium. An online Journal Education Research Network.

Chukwu, J. (2002). Office Practice and Management: Practical Approach. Royal Pace Publications.
Abgor. Buxbaum, S., (2002). Library Services for Business Students in Distance Education Issues and Trends. The Harworth Press Inc., New York  

Ernst, D. (2000). “The Economics of the Electronics Industry: Competitive Dynamics and Industry Organization”. In the International Encyclopedia of Business and Management (IEBA), M. Warner and W. Lazonick (eds).

Ejehoms J.G, (2002). The uses of Mass Communication; current Perspective on gratification, Research. Sage Annu.

Konderly, M. (2003). Blown to Bites. How the New Economics of Information Transforms Strategy.  Cambridge: Harvard Business School Press.  

Nwogwagugwu, D (2000). Cognitive, affective and attribute basis of the satisfaction response. J. Consume.


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